Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A role for the male germline in the expansion of the mammalian brain

doi: 10.1101/2025.09.15.676184

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Distribution of 7193 genes among an inclusive set of brain-associated phenotypes, both explicit (such as macro- or megalencephaly) and suggestive (such as ‘educational attainment’, a proxy for cognitive function), detailed further in notes to Supplementary Table 1 . Sets containing < 10 genes are not shown. (B) Single-cell expression atlas of the adult human testis (n = 60,427 cells), annotated into ten cell clusters (3 somatic, 7 germline). (C) Number of genes differentially expressed, at the transcript level, in at least one of these ten clusters (raw data in Supplementary Tables 2 and 3 ). (D) Protein-level expression of 2049 brain-associated genes for which antibody staining data was available for each of 8 testicular cell types (3 somatic, 5 germline) and with a protein detected in at least one (raw data from https://v23.proteinatlas.org/about/download/normal_tissue.tsv , accessed 17 th June 2023). Sets represent detectable protein-level expression (i.e. classification into either of the HPA categories of low, medium or high expression) in each cell type (raw data in Supplementary Table 1 ). Sets containing < 15 proteins are not shown. A version of this figure restricted to 5212 genes with five explicit brain-associated phenotypes (postmortem brain weight, macrocephaly/megalencephaly, epilepsy, autism, and schizophrenia) is presented as Supplementary Figure 1 and shows quantitatively similar results.

Article Snippet: To assess this, we draw upon both the Human Protein Atlas v23 ( – ) and an integrated single-cell transcriptomic atlas of 60,427 human testicular cells , which we have previously described ( ).

Techniques: Expressing, Staining